Ghassanid Dynasty

Ghassanid dynasty, also called Jafnid dynasty, Arab dynasty prominent as a Byzantine ally (symmachos) in the 6th century. From its strategic location in portions of modern Syria, Jordan, and Israel, it protected the spice trade route from the south of the Arabian Peninsula and acted as a buffer against the desert Bedouins.

The Ghassanid king al-Ḥārith ibn Jabalah (reigned 529–569) supported the Byzantines against Sasanian Persia and was given the title patricius in 529 by the emperor Justinian. Al-Ḥārith was a miaphysite Christian; he helped to revive the miaphysite Syrian church and supported miaphysite development despite the disapproval of Orthodox Byzantium. Subsequent Byzantine distrust of such religious unorthodoxy brought down his successors, al-Mundhir (reigned 569–582) and Nuʿmān.

The Ghassanids, who had successfully opposed the Persian-oriented Lakhmids of al-Ḥīrah, prospered economically and engaged in much religious and public building; they also patronized the arts and at one time entertained the poets Nābighah al-Dhubyānī and Ḥassān ibn Thābit at their courts. The Ghassanid polity remained under Byzantine vassalage until its last ruler, Jabalah ibn al-Ayham, was defeated in 636 by the army of ʿUmar I.