National Science Foundation

Programs, & Facts

Oct 10, 2023 - 01:05
 0  15

National Science Foundation (NSF), an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports basic research and education in a wide range of sciences and in mathematics and engineering. Inspired by advances in science and technology that occurred as a result of World War II, the NSF was established by the U.S. Congress in the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. From a budget of approximately $8.5 billion in the early 2020s, it provided about 11,000 awards a year to scientists, students, and teachers. It provided about one-fifth of total federal support of basic scientific research at academic institutions, making it a major source for funding in basic research in the United States.

The NSF grants funding for research in biological sciences; geosciences; mathematics; physical sciences; Arctic and Antarctic research; social, behavioral, and economic sciences; computer and information sciences; and engineering. It also provides support for educational programs in mathematics and sciences at elementary school through university graduate levels.

While the NSF does not operate laboratories, it funds and manages the U.S. Antarctic Program, established by the NSF in 1959, which conducts research in several sciences. The NSF is the executive agency for the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., a consortium of more than 40 universities that conducts research in astronomy at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, and other observatories. In 1994, construction began on the Gemini Observatory—twin 8-metre (26-foot) telescopes for optimum viewing sites in Hawaii and Chile—for which the NSF provided the majority of the funding; the project was completed in 2000. Among other activities, the NSF cooperates in managing the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, and supports international cooperation among American and foreign researchers. Among the most notable results of NSF grants were the experimental computer networks that developed into the Internet.

The NSF is also responsible for administering the National Medal of Science, presented by the president of the United States. Winners of the medal are listed in the table.

National Medal of Science*
year name field
*Formal presentation of the medals usually occurs during the year following their formal designation.
1962 Theodore von Karman aerospace engineering
1963 Luis W. Alvarez physics
Vannevar Bush electrical engineering
John Robinson Pierce communications engineering
Cornelius Barnardus van Niel biology
Norbert Wiener mathematics
1964 Roger Adams chemistry
Othmar Herman Ammann civil engineering
Theodosius Dobzhansky genetics
Charles Stark Draper aerospace engineering
Solomon Lefschetz mathematics
Neal Elgar Miller psychology
H. Marston Morse mathematics
Marshall Warren Nirenberg biochemistry
Julian Seymour Schwinger physics
Harold C. Urey chemistry
Robert Burns Woodward chemistry
1965 John Bardeen physics
Peter J.W. Debye physical chemistry
Hugh L. Dryden physics
Clarence L. Johnson aerospace engineering
Leon M. Lederman physics
Warren K. Lewis chemical engineering
Francis Peyton Rous pathology
William W. Rubey geology
George Gaylord Simpson paleontology
Donald D. Van Slyke chemistry
Oscar Zariski mathematics
1966 Jacob A.B. Bjerknes meteorology
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar astrophysics
Henry Eyring chemistry
Edward F. Knipling entomology
Fritz Albert Lipmann biochemistry
John Willard Milnor mathematics
William C. Rose biochemistry
Claude E. Shannon mathematics, electrical engineering
John H. Van Vleck physics
Sewall Wright genetics
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin electrical engineering
1967 Jesse W. Beams physics
Francis Birch geophysics
Gregory Breit physics
Paul Joseph Cohen mathematics
Kenneth S. Cole biophysics
Louis P. Hammett chemistry
Harry F. Harlow psychology
Michael Heidelberger immunology
George B. Kistiakowsky chemistry
Edwin Herbert Land physics
Igor I. Sikorsky aircraft design
Alfred H. Sturtevant genetics
1968 Horace A. Barker biochemistry
Paul D. Bartlett chemistry
Bernard B. Brodie pharmacology
Detlev W. Bronk biophysics
J. Presper Eckert, Jr. engineering, computer science
Herbert Friedman astrophysics
Jay L. Lush livestock genetics
Nathan M. Newmark civil engineering
Jerzy Neyman statistics
Lars Onsager chemistry
B.F. Skinner psychology
Eugene Paul Wigner mathematical physics
1969 Herbert C. Brown chemistry
William Feller mathematics
Robert J. Huebner virology
Jack Kilby electrical engineering
Ernst Mayr biology
Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky physics
1970 Richard Dagobert Brauer mathematics
Robert H. Dicke physics
Barbara McClintock genetics
George E. Mueller physics
Albert Bruce Sabin medicine, vaccine development
Allan R. Sandage astronomy
John C. Slater physics
John Archibald Wheeler physics
Saul Winstein chemistry
1971 no awards given
1972 no awards given
1973 Daniel I. Arnon biochemistry
Carl Djerassi chemistry
Harold E. Edgerton electrical engineering, photography
Maurice Ewing geophysics
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit biochemistry
Vladimir Haensel chemical engineering
Frederick Seitz physics
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. biochemistry
John Wilder Tukey statistics
Richard T. Whitcomb aerospace engineering
Robert Rathbun Wilson particle physics
1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen physics
Britton Chance biophysics
Erwin Chargaff biochemistry
Paul J. Flory physical chemistry
William A. Fowler nuclear astrophysics
Kurt Gödel mathematics
Rudolf Kompfner physics
James Van Gundia Neel genetics
Linus Pauling chemistry
Ralph Brazelton Peck geotechnical engineering
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer physical chemistry
James Augustine Shannon physiology
Abel Wolman sanitary engineering
1975 John W. Backus computer science
Manson Benedict nuclear engineering
Hans Albrecht Bethe theoretical physics
Shiing-shen Chern mathematics
George B. Dantzig mathematics
Hallowell Davis physiology
Paul Gyorgy medicine, vitamin research
Sterling Brown Hendricks chemistry
Joseph O. Hirschfelder chemistry
William Hayward Pickering physics
Lewis H. Sarett chemistry
Frederick Emmons Terman electrical engineering
Orville Alvin Vogel research agronomy
Wernher von Braun aerospace engineering
E. Bright Wilson, Jr. chemistry
Chien-Shiung Wu physics
1976 Morris Cohen materials science
Kurt Otto Friedrichs mathematics
Peter C. Goldmark communications engineering
Samuel Abraham Goudsmit physics
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin physiology
Herbert S. Gutowsky chemistry
Erwin W. Mueller physics
Keith Roberts Porter cell biology
Efraim Racker biochemistry
Frederick D. Rossini chemistry
Verner E. Suomi meteorology
Henry Taube chemistry
George Eugene Uhlenbeck physics
Hassler Whitney mathematics
Edward O. Wilson biology
1977 no awards given
1978 no awards given
1979 Robert H. Burris biochemistry
Elizabeth C. Crosby neuroanatomy
Joseph L. Doob mathematics
Richard P. Feynman theoretical physics
Donald E. Knuth computer science
Arthur Kornberg biochemistry
Emmett N. Leith electrical engineering
Herman F. Mark chemistry
Raymond D. Mindlin mechanical engineering
Robert N. Noyce computer science
Severo Ochoa biochemistry
Earl R. Parker materials science
Edward M. Purcell physics
Simon Ramo electrical engineering
John H. Sinfelt chemical engineering
Lyman Spitzer, Jr. astrophysics
Earl Reece Stadtman biochemistry
George Ledyard Stebbins botany, genetics
Paul Alfred Weiss biology
Victor F. Weisskopf physics
1980 no awards given
1981 Philip Handler biochemistry
1982 Philip W. Anderson physics
Seymour Benzer molecular biology
Glenn W. Burton genetics
Mildred Cohn biochemistry
F. Albert Cotton chemistry
Edward H. Heinemann aerospace engineering
Donald L. Katz chemical engineering
Yoichiro Nambu theoretical physics
Marshall H. Stone mathematics
Gilbert Stork organic chemistry
Edward Teller nuclear physics
Charles Hard Townes physics
1983 Howard L. Bachrach biochemistry
Paul Berg biochemistry
E. Margaret Burbidge astronomy
Maurice Goldhaber physics
Herman H. Goldstine computer science
William R. Hewlett electrical engineering
Roald Hoffmann chemistry
Helmut E. Landsberg climatology
George M. Low aerospace engineering
Walter H. Munk oceanography
George C. Pimentel chemistry
Frederick Reines physics
Wendell L. Roelofs chemistry, entomology
Bruno B. Rossi astrophysics
Berta V. Scharrer neuroscience
John Robert Schrieffer physics
Isadore M. Singer mathematics
John G. Trump electrical engineering
Richard N. Zare chemistry
1984 no awards given
1985 no awards given
1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum physics
Stanley Cohen biochemistry
Horace R. Crane physics
Herman Feshbach physics
Harry Gray chemistry
Donald A. Henderson medicine, public health
Robert Hofstadter physics
Peter D. Lax mathematics
Yuan Tseh Lee chemistry
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann aerospace engineering
T.Y. Lin civil engineering
Carl S. Marvel chemistry
Vernon B. Mountcastle neurophysiology
Bernard M. Oliver electrical engineering
George Emil Palade cell biology
Herbert A. Simon social science
Joan A. Steitz molecular biology
Frank H. Westheimer chemistry
Chen Ning Yang theoretical physics
Antoni Zygmund mathematics
1987 Philip Hauge Abelson physical chemistry
Anne Anastasi psychology
Robert Byron Bird chemical engineering
Raoul Bott mathematics
Michael E. DeBakey heart surgery
Theodor O. Diener plant pathology
Harry Eagle cell biology
Walter M. Elsasser physics
Michael H. Freedman mathematics
William S. Johnson chemistry
Har Gobind Khorana biochemistry
Paul C. Lauterbur chemistry
Rita Levi-Montalcini neurology
George E. Pake research, physics
H. Bolton Seed civil engineering
George J. Stigler economics
Walter H. Stockmayer chemistry
Max Tishler chemistry
James Alfred Van Allen physics
Ernst Weber electrical engineering
1988 William O. Baker chemistry
Konrad E. Bloch biochemistry
David Allan Bromley physics
Michael S. Brown molecular genetics
Paul C.W. Chu physics
Stanley N. Cohen genetics
Elias James Corey chemistry
Daniel C. Drucker engineering education
Milton Friedman economics
Joseph L. Goldstein molecular genetics
Ralph E. Gomory mathematics, research
Willis M. Hawkins aerospace engineering
Maurice R. Hilleman vaccine research
George W. Housner earthquake engineering
Eric Kandel neurobiology
Joseph B. Keller mathematics
Walter Kohn physics
Norman Foster Ramsey physics
Jack Steinberger physics
Rosalyn S. Yalow medical physics
1989 Arnold O. Beckman chemistry
Richard B. Bernstein chemistry
Melvin Calvin biochemistry
Harry G. Drickamer chemistry, physics
Katherine Esau botany
Herbert E. Grier aerospace engineering
Viktor Hamburger biology
Samuel Karlin mathematics
Philip Leder genetics
Joshua Lederberg genetics
Saunders Mac Lane mathematics
Rudolph A. Marcus chemistry
Harden M. McConnell chemistry
Eugene N. Parker theoretical astrophysics
Robert P. Sharp geology
Donald C. Spencer mathematics
Roger Wolcott Sperry neurobiology
Henry M. Stommel oceanography
Harland G. Wood biochemistry
1990 Baruj Benacerraf pathology, immunology
Elkan R. Blout chemistry
Herbert W. Boyer biochemistry, genetics
George F. Carrier mathematics
Allan MacLeod Cormack physics
Mildred S. Dresselhaus physics
Karl August Folkers chemistry
Nick Holonyak, Jr. electrical engineering
Leonid Hurwicz economics
Stephen Cole Kleene mathematics
Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. biochemistry
Edward B. Lewis genetics
John McCarthy computer science
Edwin Mattison McMillan nuclear physics
David G. Nathan pediatrics
Robert V. Pound physics
Roger R.D. Revelle oceanography
John D. Roberts chemistry
Patrick Suppes philosophy, statistics education
E. Donnall Thomas medicine
1991 Mary Ellen Avery pediatrics
Ronald Breslow chemistry
Alberto P. Calderon mathematics
Gertrude B. Elion pharmacology
George H. Heilmeier electrical engineering
Dudley R. Herschbach chemistry
G. Evelyn Hutchinson zoology
Elvin A. Kabat immunology
Robert W. Kates geography
Luna B. Leopold hydrology, geology
Salvador Luria biology
Paul A. Marks hematology, cancer research
George A. Miller psychology
Arthur L. Schawlow physics
Glenn T. Seaborg nuclear chemistry
Folke K. Skoog botany
H. Guyford Stever aerospace engineering
Edward C. Stone physics
Steven Weinberg nuclear physics
Paul C. Zamecnik molecular biology
1992 Eleanor J. Gibson psychology
Allen Newell computer science
Calvin F. Quate electrical engineering
Eugene M. Shoemaker planetary geology
Howard E. Simmons, Jr. chemistry
Maxine F. Singer biochemistry, administration
Howard Martin Temin virology
John Roy Whinnery electrical engineering
1993 Alfred Y. Cho electrical engineering
Donald J. Cram chemistry
Val Logsdon Fitch particle physics
Norman Hackerman chemistry
Martin D. Kruskal mathematics
Daniel Nathans microbiology
Vera C. Rubin astronomy
Salome G. Waelsch molecular genetics
1994 Ray W. Clough civil engineering
John Cocke computer science
Thomas Eisner chemical ecology
George S. Hammond chemistry
Robert K. Merton sociology
Elizabeth F. Neufeld biochemistry
Albert W. Overhauser physics
Frank Press geophysics, administration
1995 Thomas Robert Cech biochemistry
Hans Georg Dehmelt physics
Peter M. Goldreich astrophysics
Hermann A. Haus electrical engineering
Isabella L. Karle chemistry
Louis Nirenberg mathematics
Alexander Rich molecular biology
Roger N. Shepard psychology
1996 Wallace S. Broecker geochemistry
Norman Davidson chemistry, molecular biology
James L. Flanagan electrical engineering
Richard M. Karp computer science
C. Kumar N. Patel electrical engineering
Ruth Patrick limnology
Paul Samuelson economics
Stephen Smale mathematics
1997 William K. Estes psychology
Darleane C. Hoffman chemistry
Harold S. Johnston chemistry
Marshall N. Rosenbluth theoretical plasma physics
Martin Schwarzschild astrophysics
James Dewey Watson genetics, biophysics
Robert A. Weinberg biology, cancer research
George W. Wetherill planetary science
Shing-Tung Yau mathematics
1998 Bruce N. Ames biochemistry, cancer research
Don L. Anderson geophysics
John N. Bahcall astrophysics
John W. Cahn materials science
Cathleen Synge Morawetz mathematics
Janet D. Rowley medicine, cancer research
Eli Ruckenstein chemical engineering
George M. Whitesides chemistry
William Julius Wilson sociology
1999 David Baltimore virology, administration
Felix E. Browder mathematics
Ronald R. Coifman mathematics
James Watson Cronin particle physics
Jared Diamond physiology
Leo P. Kadanoff theoretical physics
Lynn Margulis microbiology
Stuart A. Rice chemistry
John Ross chemistry
Susan Solomon atmospheric science
Robert M. Solow economics
Kenneth N. Stevens electrical engineering, speech
2000 Nancy C. Andreasen psychiatry
John D. Baldeschwieler chemistry
Gary S. Becker economics
Yuan-Cheng B. Fung bioengineering
Ralph F. Hirschmann chemistry
Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. physics
Jeremiah P. Ostriker astrophysics
Peter H. Raven botany
John Griggs Thompson mathematics
Karen K. Uhlenbeck mathematics
Gilbert F. White geography
Carl R. Woese microbiology
2001 Andreas Acrivos chemical engineering
Francisco J. Ayala molecular biology
George F. Bass nautical archaeology
Mario R. Capecchi genetics
Marvin L. Cohen materials science
Ernest R. Davidson chemistry
Raymond Davis, Jr. chemistry, astrophysics
Ann M. Graybiel neuroscience
Charles D. Keeling oceanography
Gene E. Likens ecology
Victor A. McKusick medical genetics
Calyampudi R. Rao mathematics, statistics
Gabor A. Somorjai chemistry
Elias M. Stein mathematics
Harold Varmus virology, administration
2002 Leo L. Beranek engineering
John I. Brauman chemistry
James E. Darnell cell biology
Richard L. Garwin physics
James G. Glimm mathematics, statistics
W. Jason Morgan geophysics
Evelyn M. Witkin genetics
Edward Witten mathematical physics
2003 J. Michael Bishop microbiology
G. Brent Dalrymple geology
Carl R. de Boor mathematics
Riccardo Giacconi astrophysics
R. Duncan Luce cognitive science
John M. Prausnitz chemical engineering
Solomon H. Snyder neuroscience
Charles Yanofsky molecular biology
2004 Kenneth J. Arrow economics
Norman E. Borlaug agriculture
Robert N. Clayton geochemistry
Edwin N. Lightfoot engineering
Stephen J. Lippard chemistry
Phillip A. Sharp molecular biology, biochemistry
Thomas E. Starzl medicine
Dennis P. Sullivan mathematics
2005 Jan D. Achenbach mechanical engineering
Ralph A. Alpher astronomy
Gordon H. Bower psychology
Bradley Efron statistics
Anthony S. Fauci immunology
Tobin J. Marks chemistry
Lonnie G. Thompson glaciology
Torsten N. Wiesel neurobiology
2006 Hyman Bass mathematics
Marvin H. Caruthers genetic engineering
Rita R. Colwell marine microbiology
Peter B. Dervan organic chemistry
Nina V. Fedoroff molecular biology
Daniel Kleppner atomic physics
Robert S. Langer medical research
Lubert Stryer biochemistry
2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove nuclear physics
Mostafa A. El-Sayed laser dynamics
Leonard Kleinrock Internet technology
Robert J. Lefkowitz receptor biology
Bert W. O’Malley molecular biology
Charles P. Slichter condensed-matter physics
Andrew J. Viterbi wireless communications
David J. Wineland ionic physics
2008 Berni Alder condensed-matter physics
Francis Collins genetics, genomics
Joanna S. Fowler chemistry, neuroscience
Elaine Fuchs cell biology, molecular genetics
James E. Gunn astronomy
Rudolph E. Kálmán engineering
Michael I. Posner neuroscience
JoAnne Stubbe chemistry
J. Craig Venter genomics
2009 Yakir Aharonov quantum physics
Stephen J. Benkovic organic chemistry
Esther M. Conwell physics
Marye Anne Fox physical chemistry
Susan Lee Lindquist molecular biology
Mortimer Mishkin cognitive science
David Mumford mathematics
Stanley Prusiner biochemistry, neurology
Warren Washington climate research
Amnon Yariv engineering
2010 Jacqueline Barton biochemistry
Ralph Brinster genetics
Shu Chien physiology, bioengineering
Rudolf Jaenisch epigenetics
Peter J. Stang organic chemistry
Richard A. Tapia mathematics, education
Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan mathematics

What's Your Reaction?

like

dislike

love

funny

angry

sad

wow

admin https://www.piguhua.com