Sulfate Mineral

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Oct 30, 2024 - 03:04

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sulfate mineral, sulfate also spelled Sulphate, any naturally occurring salt of sulfuric acid. About 200 distinct kinds of sulfates are recorded in mineralogical literature, but most of them are of rare and local occurrence. Abundant deposits of sulfate minerals, such as barite and celestite, are exploited for the preparation of metal salts. Many beds of sulfate minerals are mined for fertilizer and salt preparations, and beds of pure gypsum are mined for the preparation of plaster of paris.

Sulfate minerals
name	colour	lustre	Mohs hardness	specific gravity
alum	colourless; white	vitreous	2–2½	1.8
alunite	white; grayish, yellowish, reddish, reddish brown	vitreous	3½–4	2.6–2.9
alunogen	white; yellowish or reddish	vitreous to silky	1½–2	1.8
anglesite	colourless to white; often tinted gray, yellow, green, or blue	adamantine to resinous or vitreous	2½–3	6.4
anhydrite	colourless to bluish or violet	vitreous to pearly	3½	3.0
antlerite	emerald to blackish green; light green	vitreous	3½	3.9
barite	colourless to white; also variable	vitreous to resinous	3–3½	4.5
botryogen	light to dark orange red	vitreous	2–2½	2.1
brochantite	emerald to blackish green; light green	vitreous	3½–4	4.0
caledonite	deep verdigris green or bluish green	resinous	2½–3	5.8
celestite	pale blue; white, reddish, greenish, brownish	vitreous	3–3½	4.0
chalcanthite	various shades of blue	vitreous	2½	2.3
coquimbite	pale violet to deep purple	vitreous	2½	2.1
epsomite	colourless; aggregates are white	vitreous; silky to earthy (fibrous)	2–2½	1.7
glauberite	gray; yellowish	vitreous to slightly waxy	2½–3	2.75–2.85
gypsum	colourless; white, gray, brownish, yellowish (massive)	subvitreous	2 (a hardness standard)	2.3
halotrichite	colourless to white	vitreous	1.5	1.7 (pick) to 1.9 (halo)
jarosite	ochre yellow to dark brown	subadamantine to vitreous; resinous on fracture	2½–3½	2.9–3.3
kainite	colourless; gray, blue, violet, yellowish, reddish	vitreous	2½–3	2.2
kieserite	colourless; grayish white, yellowish	vitreous	3.5	2.6
linarite	deep azure blue	vitreous to subadamantine	2.5	5.3
mirabilite	colourless to white	vitreous	1½–2	1.5
plumbojarosite	golden brown to dark brown	dull to glistening or silky	soft	3.7
polyhalite	colourless; white or gray; often salmon pink from included iron oxide	vitreous to resinous	3.5	2.8
thenardite	colourless; reddish, grayish, yellowish, or yellow brown	vitreous to resinous	2½–3	2.7
name	habit	fracture or cleavage	refractive indices	crystal system
alum	columnar or granular massive	conchoidal fracture	n = 1.453–1.466	isometric
alunite	granular to dense massive	conchoidal fracture	omega = 1.572 epsilon = 1.592	hexagonal
alunogen	fibrous masses and crusts	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.459–1.475 beta = 1.461–1.478 gamma = 1.884–1.931	triclinic
anglesite	granular to compact massive; tabular or prismatic crystals	one good, one distinct cleavage	alpha = 1.868–1.913 beta = 1.873–1.918 gamma = 1.884–1.931	orthorhombic
anhydrite	granular or fibrous massive; concretionary (tripestone)	two perfect, one good cleavage	alpha = 1.567–1.580 beta = 1.572–1.586 gamma = 1.610–1.625	orthorhombic
antlerite	thick tabular crystals	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.726 beta = 1.738 gamma = 1.789	orthorhombic
barite	usually in tabular crystals; rosettes (desert roses); massive	one perfect, one good cleavage	alpha = 1.633–1.648 beta = 1.634–1.649 gamma = 1.645–1.661	orthorhombic
botryogen	reniform, botryoidal, or globular aggregates	one perfect, one good cleavage	alpha = 1.523 beta = 1.530 gamma = 1.582	monoclinic
brochantite	prismatic to hairlike crystal and crystal aggregates; granular massive; crusts	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.728 beta = 1.771 gamma = 1.800	monoclinic
caledonite	coating of small elongated crystals	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.815–1.821 beta = 1.863–1.869 gamma = 1.906–1.912	orthorhombic
celestite	tabular crystals; fibrous massive	one perfect, one good cleavage	alpha = 1.618–1.632 beta = 1.620–1.634 gamma = 1.627–1.642	orthorhombic
chalcanthite	short prismatic crystals; granular masses; stalactites and reniform masses	conchoidal fracture	alpha = 1.514 beta = 1.537 gamma = 1.543	triclinic
coquimbite	prismatic and pyramidal crystals; granular massive		omega = 1.536 epsilon = 1.572	hexagonal
epsomite	fibrous or hairlike crusts; woolly efflorescences	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.430–1.440 beta = 1.452–1.462 gamma = 1.457–1.469	orthorhombic
glauberite	tabular, dipyramidal, or prismatic crystals	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.515 beta = 1.535 gamma = 1.536	monoclinic
gypsum	elongated tabular crystals (some 5 ft long; others twisted or bent); granular or fibrous masses; rosettes	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.515–1.523 beta = 1.516–1.526 gamma = 1.524–1.532	monoclinic
halotrichite	aggregates of hairlike crystals	conchoidal fracture	alpha = 1.475–1.480 beta = 1.480–1.486 gamma = 1.483–1.490	monoclinic
jarosite	minute crystals; crusts; granular or fibrous massive	one distinct cleavage	omega = 1.82 epsilon = 1.715	hexagonal
kainite	granular massive; crystalline coatings	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.494 beta = 1.505 gamma = 1.516	monoclinic
kieserite	granular massive, intergrown with other salts	two perfect cleavages	alpha = 1.520 beta = 1.533 gamma = 1.584	monoclinic
linarite	elongated tabular crystals, either singly or in groups	one perfect cleavage; conchoidal fracture	alpha = 1.809 beta = 1.839 gamma = 1.859	monoclinic
mirabilite	short prisms; lathlike or tabular crystals; crusts or fibrous masses; granular massive	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.391–1.397 beta = 1.393–1.410 gamma = 1.395–1.411	monoclinic
plumbojarosite	crusts, lumps, compact masses of microscopic hexagonal plates	one fair cleavage	omega = 1.875 epsilon = 1.786	hexagonal
polyhalite	fibrous to foliated massive	one perfect cleavage	alpha = 1.547 beta = 1.560 gamma = 1.567	triclinic
thenardite	rather large crystals; crusts, efflorescences	one perfect, one fair cleavage	alpha = 1.464–1.471 beta = 1.473–1.477 gamma = 1.481–1.485	orthorhombic

All sulfates possess an atomic structure based on discrete insular sulfate (SO₄²^-) tetrahedra, i.e., ions in which four oxygen atoms are symmetrically distributed at the corners of a tetrahedron with the sulfur atom in the centre. These tetrahedral groups do not polymerize, and the sulfate group behaves as a single negatively charged molecule, or complex. Thus, sulfates are distinct from the silicates and borates, which link together into chains, rings, sheets, or frameworks.

Sulfate minerals can be found in at least four kinds: as late oxidation products of preexisting sulfide ores, as evaporite deposits, in circulatory solutions, and in deposits formed by hot water or volcanic gases. Many sulfate minerals occur as basic hydrates of iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, and copper at or near the source of preexisting primary sulfides. The sulfide minerals, through exposure to weathering and circulating water, have undergone oxidation in which the sulfide ion is converted to sulfate and the metal ion also is changed to some higher valence state. Noteworthy beds of such oxidation products occur in desert regions, such as Chuquicamata, Chile, where brightly coloured basic copper and ferric iron sulfates have accumulated. The sulfate anions generated by oxidation processes may also react with calcium carbonate rocks to form gypsum, CaSO₄·2H₂O. Sulfates formed by the oxidation of primary sulfides include antlerite [Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄], brochantite [Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆], chalcanthite [Cu²⁺(SO₄)·5Η₂Ο], anglesite (PbSO₄), and plumbojarosite [PbFe³⁺₆(SO₄)₄(OH)₁₂].

Soluble alkali and alkaline-earth sulfates crystallize upon evaporation of sulfate-rich brines and trapped oceanic salt solutions. Such brines can form economically important deposits of sulfate, halide, and borate minerals in thick parallel beds, as the potash deposits at Stassfurt, Ger., and the southwestern United States. Many of the sulfate minerals are salts of more than one metal, such as polyhalite, which is a combination of potassium, calcium, and magnesium sulfates.

Sulfate minerals common in evaporite deposits include anhydrite, gypsum, thenardite (Na₂SO₄), epsomite (MgSO₄·7H₂O), glauberite [Na₂Ca(SO₄)₂], kainite (MgSO₄·KCl·3H₂O), kieserite (MgSO₄·H₂O), mirabilite (Na₂SO₄·10H₂O), and polyhalite [K₂Ca₂Mg(SO₄)₄·2H₂O].

Groundwater carrying sulfate anions reacts with calcium ions in muds, clays, and limestones to form beds of gypsum. The massive material is called alabaster or plaster of paris (originally found in the clays and muds of the Paris basin). If such beds become deeply buried or metamorphosed (altered by heat and pressure), anhydrite may form by dehydration of the gypsum.

Numerous sulfates, usually simple, are formed directly from hot aqueous solutions associated with fumarolic (volcanic gas) vents and late-stage fissure systems in ore deposits. Noteworthy examples include anhydrite, barite, and celestine.