Multiprocessing

multiprocessing, in computing, a mode of operation in which two or more processors in a computer simultaneously process two or more different portions of the same program (set of instructions). Multiprocessing is typically carried out by two or more microprocessors, each of which is in effect a central processing unit (CPU) on a single tiny chip. Supercomputers typically combine millions of such microprocessors to interpret and execute instructions.

The primary advantage of a multiprocessor computer is speed, and thus the ability to manage larger amounts of information. Because each processor in such a system is assigned to perform a specific function, it can perform its task, pass the instruction set on to the next processor, and begin working on a new set of instructions. For example, different processors may be used to manage memory storage, data communications, or arithmetic functions. Or a larger primary processor might use smaller secondary processors to conduct miscellaneous housekeeping duties, such as memory management. Multiprocessor systems first appeared in large computers known as mainframes, before their costs declined enough to warrant inclusion in personal computers (PCs).

Personal computers had long relied on increasing clock speeds, measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz), which correlates to the number of computations the CPU calculates per second, in order to handle ever more complex tasks. But as gains in clock speed became difficult to sustain, in part because of overheating in the microprocessor circuitry, another approach developed in which specialized processors were used for tasks such as video display. These video processors typically come on modular units known as video cards, or graphic accelerator cards. The best cards, which are needed to play the most graphic-intensive electronic games on personal computers, often cost more than a bargain PC.

It must be noted, however, that simply adding more processors does not guarantee significant gains in computing power; computer program problems remain. While programmers and computer programming languages have developed some proficiency in allocating executions among multiple processors, parsing instructions among processors becomes more difficult the more processors there are. Power consumption also grows quickly with multiple processors, so many computers improve performance by using a multicore architecture in which multiple processors, or cores, are placed on the same chip.